Michael J. Swart

I have trouble with procedures that use SELECT *. They are often not “Blue-Green safe“. In other words, if a procedure has a query that uses SELECT * then I can’t change the underlying tables can’t change without causing some tricky deployment issues. (The same is not true for ad hoc queries from the application).

I also have a lot of procedures to look at (about 5000) and I’d like to find the procedures that use SELECT *.
I want to maybe ignore SELECT * when selecting from a subquery with a well-defined column list.
I also want to maybe include related queries like OUTPUT inserted.*.

The Plan

1. So I’m going to make a schema-only copy of the database to work with.
2. I’m going to add a new dummy-column to every single table.
3. I’m going to use sys.dm_exec_describe_first_result_set_for_object to look for any of the new columns I created

Any of my new columns that show up, were selected with SELECT *.

The Script

use master;
DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS search_for_select_star;
DBCC CLONEDATABASE (the_name_of_the_database_you_want_to_analyze, search_for_select_star);
ALTER DATABASE search_for_select_star SET READ_WRITE;
GO
 
use search_for_select_star;
 
DECLARE @SQL NVARCHAR(MAX);
SELECT 
	@SQL = STRING_AGG(
		CAST(
			'ALTER TABLE ' + 
			QUOTENAME(OBJECT_SCHEMA_NAME(object_id)) + 
			'.' + 
			QUOTENAME(OBJECT_NAME(object_id)) + 
			' ADD NewDummyColumn BIT NULL' AS NVARCHAR(MAX)),
		N';')
FROM 
	sys.tables;
 
exec sp_executesql @SQL;
 
SELECT 
	SCHEMA_NAME(p.schema_id) + '.' + p.name AS procedure_name, 
	r.column_ordinal,
	r.name
FROM 
	sys.procedures p
CROSS APPLY 
	sys.dm_exec_describe_first_result_set_for_object(p.object_id, NULL) r
WHERE 
	r.name = 'NewDummyColumn'
ORDER BY 
	p.schema_id, p.name;
 
use master;
DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS search_for_select_star;

Update

Tom from StraightforwardSQL pointed out a nifty feature that Microsoft has already implemented.

Not sure here, but doesn't dm_sql_referenced_entities.is_select_all achieve the same thing?

— Tom Zíka (@Zikato25) August 9, 2021

Yes it does! You can use it like this:

select distinct SCHEMA_NAME(p.schema_id) + '.' + p.name AS procedure_name
from sys.procedures p
cross apply sys.dm_sql_referenced_entities(
	object_schema_name(object_id) + '.' + object_name(object_id), default) re
where re.is_select_all = 1

Comparing the two, I noticed that my query – the one that uses dm_exec_describe_first_result_set_for_object – has some drawbacks. Maybe the SELECT * isn’t actually included in the first result set, but some subsequent result set. Or maybe the result set couldn’t be described for one of these various reasons

On the other hand, I noticed that dm_sql_referenced_entities has a couple drawbacks itself. It doesn’t seem to capture select statements that use `OUTPUT INSERTED.*` for example.

In practice though, I found the query that Tom suggested works a bit better. In the product I work most closely with, dm_sql_referenced_entities only missed 3 procedures that dm_exec_describe_first_result_set_for_object caught. But dm_exec_describe_first_result_set_for_object missed 49 procedures that dm_sql_referenced_entities caught!

Takeaway: For most use cases, using sp_releaseapplock is unnecessary. Especially when using @LockOwner = 'Transaction (which is the default).

The procedure sp_getapplock is a system stored procedure that can be helpful when developing SQL for concurrency. It takes a lock on an imaginary resource and it can be used to avoid race conditions.

But I don’t use sp_getapplock a lot. I almost always depend on SQL Server’s normal locking of resources (like tables, indexes, rows etc…). But I might consider it for complicated situations (like managing sort order in a hierarchy using a table with many different indexes).

In that case, I might use it something like this:

BEGIN TRAN
 
exec sp_getapplock 
    @Resource = @LockResourceName, 
    @LockMode = 'Exclusive', 
    @LockOwner = 'Transaction';
 
/* read stuff (e.g. "is time slot available?") */
/* change stuff (e.g. "make reservation") */
 
exec sp_releaseapplock
    @Resource = @LockResourceName, 
    @LockOwner = 'Transaction';
 
COMMIT

But there’s a problem with this pattern, especially when using RCSI. After sp_releaseapplock is called, but before the COMMIT completes, another process running the same code can read the previous state. In the example above, both processes will think a time slot is available and will try to make the same reservation.

What I really want is to release the applock after the commit. But because I specified the lock owner is 'Transaction'. That gets done automatically when the transaction ends! So really what I want is this:

BEGIN TRAN
 
exec sp_getapplock 
    @Resource = @LockResourceName, 
    @LockMode = 'Exclusive', 
    @LockOwner = 'Transaction';
 
/* read stuff (e.g. "is time slot available?") */
/* change stuff (e.g. "make reservation") */
 
COMMIT -- all locks are freed after this commit

I find wait stats so useful that I’ve got Paul Randal’s SQL Server Wait Statistics (or please tell me where it hurts…) bookmarked and I visit it frequently.

But that gives the total amount of waits for each wait type accumulated since the server was started. And that isn’t ideal when I’m troubleshooting trouble that started recently. No worries, Paul also has another fantastic post Capturing wait statistics for a period of time.

Taking that idea further, I can collect data all the time and look at it historically, or just for a baseline. Lot’s of monitoring tools do this already, but here’s what I’ve written:

• CollectWaitStats, a repo on github
• Or just the scripts to create the db objects: WaitStats/CreateObjects.sql

Mostly I’m creating these scripts for me. I’ve created a version of these a few times now and some reason, I can’t find them each time I need them again!

This stuff can be super useful, especially, if you combine it with a visualization tool (like PowerBI or even Excel).
For example, here’s a chart I made when we were experiencing the XVB_LIST spinlock issues I wrote about not too long ago. Good visualizations can really tell powerful stories.

I’m talking here about spins and not waits of course, but the idea is the same and I’ve included the spinlock monitoring scripts in the same repo on github.

Also a quick reminder wait stats aren’t everything. Don’t neglect monitoring resources as Greg Gonzales pointed out last year.

Context

As we prepared to face unprecedented demand this year, we began to think about whether bigger is better. Worried about CPU limits, we looked to what AWS had to offer in terms of their instance sizes.

We were already running our largest SQL Servers on r5 instances with 96 logical CPUs. But we decided to evaluate the pricy u instances which have 448 logical CPUs and a huge amount of memory.

Painful Symptoms

Well, bigger is not always better. We discovered that as we increased the load on the u-series servers, there would come a point where all processors would jump to 100% and stayed there. You could say it plateaued (based on the graph, would that be a plateau? A mesa? Or a butte?)

When that occurred, the number of batch requests that the server could handle dropped significantly. So we saw more CPU use, but less work was getting done.

The high demand kept the CPU at 100% with no relief until the demand decreased. When that happened, the database seemed to recover. Throughput was restored and the database’s metrics became healthy again. During this trouble we looked at everything including the number of spins reported in the sys.dm_os_spinlock_stats dmv.

The spins and backoffs reported seemed extremely high, especially for the category “XVB_LIST”, but we didn’t really have a baseline to tell whether those numbers were problematic. Even after capturing the numbers and visualizing them we saw larger than linear increases as demand increased, but were those increases excessive?

How To Tell For Sure

Chris Adkin has a post Diagnosing Spinlock Problems By Doing The Math. He explains why spinlocks are useful. It doesn’t seem like a while loop that chews up CPU could improve performance, but it actually does when it helps avoid context switches. He gives a formula to help find how much of the total CPU is spent spinning. That percentage can then help decide whether the spinning is excessive.

But I made a tiny tweak to his formula and I wrote a script to have SQL Server do the math:

• You still have to give the number of CPUs on your server. If you don’t have those numbers handy, you can get them from SQL Server’s log. I include one of Glenn Berry’s diagnostic queries for that.
• There’s an assumption in Chris’s calculation that one spin consumes one CPU clock cycle. A spin is really cheap (because it can use the test-and-set instruction), but it probably consumes more than one clock cycle. I assume four, but I have no idea what the actual value is.

EXEC sys.xp_readerrorlog 0, 1, N'detected', N'socket';
-- SQL Server detected 2 sockets with 24 cores per socket ...
 
declare @Sockets int = 2;
declare @PhysicalCoresPerSocket int = 24;
declare @TicksPerSpin int = 4;
 
declare @SpinlockSnapshot TABLE ( 
    SpinLockName VARCHAR(100), 
    SpinTotal BIGINT
);
 
INSERT @SpinlockSnapshot ( SpinLockName, SpinTotal )
SELECT name, spins
FROM   sys.dm_os_spinlock_stats
WHERE  spins > 0;
 
DECLARE @Ticks bigint
SELECT @Ticks = cpu_ticks 
FROM sys.dm_os_sys_info
 
WAITFOR DELAY '00:00:10'
 
DECLARE @TotalTicksInInterval BIGINT
DECLARE @CPU_GHz NUMERIC(20, 2);
 
SELECT @TotalTicksInInterval = (cpu_ticks - @Ticks) * @Sockets * @PhysicalCoresPerSocket,
       @CPU_GHz = ( cpu_ticks - @Ticks ) / 10000000000.0
FROM sys.dm_os_sys_info;
 
SELECT ISNULL(Snap.SpinLockName, 'Total') as [Spinlock Name], 
       SUM(Stat.spins - Snap.SpinTotal) as [Spins In Interval],
       @TotalTicksInInterval as [Ticks In Interval],
       @CPU_Ghz as [Measured CPU GHz],
       100.0 * SUM(Stat.spins - Snap.SpinTotal) * @TicksPerSpin / @TotalTicksInInterval as [%]
FROM @SpinlockSnapshot Snap
JOIN sys.dm_os_spinlock_stats Stat
     ON Snap.SpinLockName = Stat.name
GROUP BY ROLLUP (Snap.SpinLockName)
HAVING SUM(Stat.spins - Snap.SpinTotal) > 0
ORDER BY [Spins In Interval] DESC;

This is what I see on a very healthy server (r5.24xlarge). The server was using 14% cpu. And .03% of that is spent spinning (or somewhere in that ballpark).

More Troubleshooting Steps

So what’s going on? What is that XVB_LIST category? Microsoft says “internal use only” But I can guess. Paul Randal talks about the related latch class Versioning Transaction List. It’s an instance-wide list that is used in the implementation of features like Read Committed Snapshot Isolation (RCSI) which we do use.

Microsoft also has a whitepaper on troubleshooting this stuff Diagnose and resolve spinlock contention on SQL Server. They actually give a technique to collect call stacks during spinlock contention in order to try and maybe glean some information about what else is going on. We did that, but we didn’t learn too much. We learned that we use RCSI with lots of concurrent queries. Something we really can’t give up on.

So Then What?

What We Did

Well, we moved away from the u instance with its hundreds of CPUs and we went back to our r5 instance with only (only!) 96 logical CPUs. We’re dealing with the limits imposed by that hardware and accepting that we can’t scale higher using that box. We’re continuing to do our darnedest to move data and activity out of SQL Server and into other solutions like DynamoDb. We’re also trying to partition our databases into different deployments which spreads the load out, but introduces a lot of other challenges.

Basically, we gave up trying to scale higher. If we did want to pursue this further (which we don’t), we’d probably contact Microsoft support to try and address this spinlock contention. We know that these conditions are sufficient (if not necessary) to see the contention we saw:

• SQL Server 2016 SP2
• U-series instance from Amazon
• Highly concurrent and frequent queries (>200K batch requests per second with a good mix of writes and reads on the same tables)
• RCSI enabled.

Thank you Erin Stellato

We reached out to Erin Stellato to help us through this issue. We did this sometime around the “Painful Symptoms” section above. We had a stressful time troubleshooting all this stuff and I really appreciate Erin guiding us through it. We learned so much.

You have excessive WRITELOG waits (or HADR_SYNC_COMMIT waits) and among other things, you want to understand where.

Microsoft’s advice Diagnosing Transaction Log Performance Issues and Limits of the Log Manager remains a great resource. They tell you to use perfmon to look at the log bytes flushed/sec counter (in the SQL Server:Databases object) to see which database is being written to so much.

After identifying a database you’re curious about, you may want to drill down further. I wrote about this problem earlier in Tackle WRITELOG Waits Using the Transaction Log and Extended Events. The query I wrote for that post combines results of an extended events session with the transaction log in order to identify which procedures are doing the most writing.

But it’s a tricky kind of script. It takes a while to run on busy systems. There’s a faster way to drill into writes if you switch your focus from which queries are writing so much to which tables are being written to so much. Both methods of drilling down can be helpful, but the table approach is faster and doesn’t require an extended event session and it might be enough to point you in the right direction.

Use This Query

use [specify your databasename here]
 
-- get the latest lsn for current DB
declare @xact_seqno binary(10);
declare @xact_seqno_string_begin varchar(50);
exec sp_replincrementlsn @xact_seqno OUTPUT;
set @xact_seqno_string_begin = '0x' + CONVERT(varchar(50), @xact_seqno, 2);
set @xact_seqno_string_begin = stuff(@xact_seqno_string_begin, 11, 0, ':')
set @xact_seqno_string_begin = stuff(@xact_seqno_string_begin, 20, 0, ':');
 
-- wait a few seconds
waitfor delay '00:00:10'
 
-- get the latest lsn for current DB
declare @xact_seqno_string_end varchar(50);
exec sp_replincrementlsn @xact_seqno OUTPUT;
set @xact_seqno_string_end = '0x' + CONVERT(varchar(50), @xact_seqno, 2);
set @xact_seqno_string_end = stuff(@xact_seqno_string_end, 11, 0, ':')
set @xact_seqno_string_end = stuff(@xact_seqno_string_end, 20, 0, ':');
 
WITH [Log] AS
(
  SELECT Category, 
         SUM([Log Record Length]) as [Log Bytes]
  FROM   fn_dblog(@xact_seqno_string_begin, @xact_seqno_string_end)
  CROSS  APPLY (SELECT ISNULL(AllocUnitName, Operation)) AS C(Category)
  GROUP  BY Category
)
SELECT   Category, 
         [Log Bytes],
         100.0 * [Log Bytes] / SUM([Log Bytes]) OVER () AS [%]
FROM     [Log]
ORDER BY [Log Bytes] DESC;

Results look something like this (Your mileage may vary).

Notes

• Notice that some space in the transaction log is not actually about writing to tables. I’ve grouped them into their own categories and kept them in the results. For example LOP_BEGIN_XACT records information about the beginning of transactions.
• I’m using sp_replincrementlsn to find the current last lsn. I could have used log_min_lsn from sys.dm_db_log_stats but that dmv is only available in 2016 SP2 and later.
• This method is a little more direct measurement of transaction log activity than a similar query that uses sys.dm_db_index_operational_stats

Taking a small break from my blogging sabbatical to post one script that I’ve found myself writing from scratch too often.
My hope is that the next time I need this, I’ll look it up here.

The User Settable Counter

Use this to monitor something that’s not already exposed as a performance counter. Like the progress of a custom task or whatever. If you can write a quick query, you can expose it to a counter that can be plotted by Performance Monitor.

Here’s the script (adjust SomeMeasurement and SomeTable to whatever makes sense and adjust the delay interval if 1 second is too short:

declare @deltaMeasurement int = 0;
declare @totalMeasurement int = 0;
 
while (1=1)
begin
 
  select @deltaMeasurement = SomeMeasurement - @totalMeasurement
  from SomeTable;
 
  set @totalMeasurement += @deltaMeasurement;
 
  exec sp_user_counter1 @deltaMeasurement;
  waitfor delay '00:00:01'
end

Monitoring

Now you can monitor “User Counter 1” in the object “SQLServer:User Settable” which will look like this:

Don’t forget to stop the running query when you’re done.